Read Henry Miller Tropic of Cancer or Capricorn

1934 novel past Henry Miller

Tropic of Cancer
First edition
Author	Henry Miller
Cover creative person	Maurice Girodias^[one] ^{[ failed verification ]}
Country	France
Language	English
Genre	Autobiographical novel
Publisher	Obelisk Press
Publication engagement	1934
Media blazon	Print (Hardcover)
Pages	318
Followed by	Black Spring

Tropic of Cancer is a novel by Henry Miller that has been described as "notorious for its candid sexuality" and every bit responsible for the "free speech that we now take for granted in literature."^[two] ^[3] Information technology was offset published in 1934 by the Obelisk Printing in Paris, France, but this edition was banned in the United States.^[four] Its publication in 1961 in the U.S. by Grove Press led to obscenity trials that tested American laws on pornography in the early 1960s. In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the volume non-obscene. Information technology is regarded as an important piece of work of 20th-century literature.

Writing and publication [edit]

I am living at the Villa Borghese. There is not a crumb of dirt anywhere, nor a chair misplaced. We are all solitary here and we are dead.

— Outset passage extract

Miller wrote the volume between 1930 and 1934 during his "nomadic life" in Paris.^[5] ^{: 105–107} The fictional Villa Borghese was actually xviii Villa Seurat in Paris' 14th arrondissement.^[6] As Miller discloses in the text of the book, he first intended to title it "Crazy Erect".^[7] Miller gave the following explanation of why the volume's title was Tropic of Cancer: "Information technology was because to me cancer symbolizes the disease of civilization, the endpoint of the incorrect path, the necessity to change course radically, to outset completely over from scratch."^[5] ^: 38

Anaïs Nin helped to edit the book.^[five] ^: 109 In 1934, Jack Kahane'south Obelisk Press published the book with financial bankroll from Nin, who had borrowed the coin from Otto Rank.^[5] ^: 108 ^[8] ^: 116

Emerson quotation, preface, and introduction [edit]

In the 1961 edition, opposite the novel's title page is a quotation from Ralph Waldo Emerson:^[9]

These novels volition give way, by and by, to diaries or autobiographies—captivating books, if only a man knew how to choose among what he calls his experiences that which is actually his experience, and how to record truth truly.^[ten]

The 1961 edition includes an introduction by Karl Shapiro written in 1960 and titled "The Greatest Living Author". The first three sentences are:

I call Henry Miller the greatest living author because I think he is. I do not call him a poet because he has never written a verse form; he even dislikes poetry, I think. But everything he has written is a poem in the best too equally in the broadest sense of the discussion.^[x] ^{: five–xxx}

Following the introduction is a preface written by Nin in 1934, which begins equally follows:

Here is a volume which, if such a thing were possible, might restore our ambition for the fundamental realities. The predominant note will seem 1 of bitterness, and bitterness there is, to the full. But there is besides a wild extravagance, a mad gaiety, a verve, a gusto, at times most a delirium.^[10] ^{: xxxi–xxxiii}

Summary [edit]

Set in France (primarily Paris) during the belatedly 1920s and early 1930s, Tropic of Cancer centers on Miller's life as a struggling author. Late in the novel, Miller explains his artistic approach to writing the book itself, stating:

Upward to the present, my thought of collaborating with myself has been to become off the aureate standard of literature. My idea briefly has been to present a resurrection of the emotions, to depict the carry of a homo in the stratosphere of ideas, that is, in the grip of delirium.^[x] ^: 243

Combining autobiography and fiction, some capacity follow a narrative of some kind and refer to Miller's bodily friends, colleagues, and workplaces; others are written as stream-of-consciousness reflections that are occasionally epiphanic. The novel is written in the first person, equally are many of Miller's other novels, and does not have a linear arrangement, but rather fluctuates frequently betwixt the past and nowadays.

Themes [edit]

The book largely functions as an immersive meditation on the man condition. Equally a struggling author, Miller describes his experience living among a customs of bohemians in Paris, where he intermittently suffers from hunger, homelessness, squalor, loneliness, and despair over his recent separation from his wife. Describing his perception of Paris during this time, Miller wrote:

One tin can live in Paris—I discovered that!—on just grief and anguish. A bitter nourishment—perhaps the best at that place is for sure people. At whatsoever rate, I had not still come up to the end of my rope. I was simply flirting with disaster. ... I understood and then why it is that Paris attracts the tortured, the hallucinated, the keen maniacs of honey. I understood why information technology is that here, at the very hub of the bike, 1 can embrace the most fantastic, the almost impossible theories, without finding them in the least strange; information technology is here that one reads over again the books of his youth and the enigmas take on new meanings, one for every white hair. One walks the streets knowing that he is mad, possessed, because it is but too obvious that these cold, indifferent faces are the visages of 1's keepers. Here all boundaries fade away and the earth reveals itself for the mad slaughterhouse that it is. The treadmill stretches away to infinitude, the hatches are airtight downwards tight, logic runs rampant, with encarmine cleaver flashing.^[10] ^{: 180–182}

At that place are many passages explicitly describing the narrator's sexual encounters. In 1978, literary scholar Donald Gutierrez argued that the sexual comedy in the book was "undeniably low... [just with] a stronger visceral appeal than loftier comedy".^[11] ^: 22 The characters are caricatures, and the male characters "stumbl[e] through the mazes of their conceptions of woman".^[11] ^: 24

Michael Hardin fabricated the case for the theme of homophobia in the novel.^[12] He proposed that the novel contained a "deeply repressed homoerotic desire that periodically surfaces".^[12]

Music and dance are other recurrent themes in the book.^[xiii] Music is used "as a sign of the flagging vitality Miller everywhere rejects".^[thirteen] References to dancing include a comparison of loving Mona to a "dance of decease", and a call for the reader to join in "a last expiring dance" even though "we are doomed".^[13]

Characters [edit]

Other than the first-person narrator "Henry Miller",^[10] ^: 108 the major characters include:

Boris: A friend who rents rooms at the Villa Borghese.^[10] ^: 22–23 The grapheme was modeled subsequently Michael Fraenkel, a author who "had sheltered Miller during his hobo days" in 1930.^[5] ^{: 103, 176}
Carl: A author friend who complains about optimistic people, well-nigh Paris, and about writing.^[10] ^: 49–50 Miller helps Carl write dearest letters to "the rich cunt, Irene", and Carl relates his encounter with her to Miller.^[10] ^{: 107–117} Carl lives in squalor and has sex with a minor. The inspiration for Carl was Miller's friend Alfred Perlès, a writer.^[v] ^: 10
Collins: A sailor who befriends Fillmore and Miller.^[ten] ^{: 194–208} As Collins had fallen in love with a boy in the past, his undressing a sick Miller to put him to bed has been interpreted as show of a homoerotic desire for Miller.^[12]
Fillmore: A "young man in the diplomatic service" who becomes friends with Miller.^[10] ^: 193 He invites Miller to stay with him; later the Russian "princess" Macha with "the handclapping" joins them.^[x] ^{: 219–238} Fillmore and Miller disrupt a mass while hung over.^[10] ^{: 259–263} Toward the end of the volume, Fillmore promises to ally a French woman named Ginette who is meaning by him, but she is physically abusive and controlling, and Miller convinces Fillmore to leave Paris without her.^[10] ^{: 292–315} Fillmore'southward existent-life analogue was Richard Galen Osborn, a lawyer.^[5] ^: 46
Mona: A grapheme respective to Miller'south estranged second wife June Miller.^[5] ^: 96–97 Miller remembers Mona, who is now in America, nostalgically.^[10] ^{: 17–21, 54, 152, 177–181, 184–185, 250–251}
Tania: A adult female married to Sylvester.^[10] ^: 56–57 The graphic symbol was modeled after Bertha Schrank, who was married to Joseph Schrank.^[14] It may besides be noted that during the writing of the novel, Miller too had a passionate affair with Anais Nin; by changing the "T" to an "S", i can make out Anais from Tania by rearranging the letters. It may also exist noted that in one of Nin's many passionate letters to Miller, she quotes his swoon establish below. Tania has an affair with Miller, who fantasizes virtually her:

O Tania, where now is that warm cunt of yours, those fatty, heavy garters, those soft, bulging thighs? In that location is a bone in my prick half dozen inches long. I will ream out every wrinkle in your cunt, Tania, large with seed. I will send y'all home to your Sylvester with an anguish in your belly and your womb turned inside out. Your Sylvester! Yes, he knows how to build a burn down, merely I know how to inflame a cunt. I shoot hot bolts into y'all, Tania, I make your ovaries incandescent.^[ten] ^{: 5–half-dozen}

Van Norden: A friend of Miller'southward who is "probably the most sexually corrupt human" in the book, having a "total lack of empathy with women".^[11] ^: 25–27 Van Norden refers to women using terms such every bit "my Georgia cunt", "fucking cunt", "rich cunt", "married cunts", "Danish cunt", and "foolish cunts".^[10] ^{: 100–107} Miller helps Van Norden motion to a room in a hotel, where Van Norden brings women "solar day in and out".^[10] ^{: 117–146} The character was based on Wambly Bald, a gossip columnist.^[fifteen]

Legal issues [edit]

Usa [edit]

Upon the book's publication in France in 1934, the United States Customs Service banned the book from being imported into the U.S.^[16] Frances Steloff sold copies of the novel smuggled from Paris during the 1930s at her Gotham Book Mart, which led to lawsuits.^[17] A copyright-infringing edition of the novel was published in New York Urban center in 1940 past "Medusa" (Jacob Brussel); its terminal page claimed its identify of publication to be Mexico.^[18] Brussel was eventually sent to jail for 3 years for the edition.^[xix]

In 1950, Ernest Besig, the director of the American Civil Liberties Union in San Francisco, attempted to import Tropic of Cancer along with Miller's other novel, Tropic of Capricorn, to the United States. Community detained the novels and Besig sued the government. Before the instance went to trial, Besig requested a move to acknowledge nineteen depositions from literary critics testifying to the "literary value of the novels and to Miller'due south stature every bit a serious writer".^[20] The motility was denied by Judge Louis A. Goodman. The case went to trial with Goodman presiding. Goodman declared both novels obscene. Besig appealed the determination to the Ninth Circuit of Appeals, just the novels were in one case again declared "obscene" in a unanimous determination in Besig five. United States.

In 1961, when Grove Printing legally published the book in the United States, over 60 obscenity lawsuits in over 21 states were brought against booksellers that sold it.^[16] ^[21] The opinions of courts varied; for instance, in his dissent from the majority belongings that the book was not obscene, Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Michael Musmanno wrote Cancer is "non a volume. It is a cesspool, an open sewer, a pit of putrefaction, a slimy gathering of all that is rotten in the debris of human depravity."^[22]

Publisher Barney Rosset hired lawyer Charles Rembar to help Rosset atomic number 82 the "try to assist every bookseller prosecuted, regardless of whether there was a legal obligation to do so".^[23] ^[24] Rembar successfully argued two appeals cases, in Massachusetts and New Jersey,^[21] ^[25] although the book connected to be judged obscene in New York and other states.^[23]

In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Grove Press, Inc. 5. Gerstein, cited Jacobellis five. Ohio (which was decided the aforementioned day) and overruled land court findings that Tropic of Cancer was obscene.^[26] ^[27]

Other countries [edit]

The book was banned outside the U.S. as well:

In Canada, information technology was on the listing of books banned by community as of 1938.^[28] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police seized copies of the book from bookstores and public libraries in the early 1960s.^[28] By 1964, attitudes toward the volume had "liberalized".^[28]
Simply smuggled copies of the book were available in the United Kingdom after its publication in 1934.^[29] Scotland Thou contemplated banning its publication in Britain in the 1960s, but decided confronting the ban because literary figures such as T. S. Eliot were ready to defend the book publicly.^[29]
In Australia the book was banned until the early on 1970s when the Government minister for Customs and Excise, Don Chipp, largely ended censorship of printed textile in the state.^[30]
In Republic of finland all printed copies of the Finnish versions of the book were confiscated past the state before the books were to exist published in 1962. The book was not published in that location in Finnish until 1970, notwithstanding the book was available in Swedish and English language.^[31]

Critical reception [edit]

Private reviewers [edit]

In 1935, H. L. Mencken read the 1934 Paris edition, and sent an encouraging note to Miller: "I read Tropic of Cancer a month ago. It seems to me to be a really excellent piece of work, and I and so reported to the person who sent it to me. Of this, more when we encounter."^[32]

George Orwell reviewed Tropic of Cancer in The New English Weekly in 1935.^[33] Orwell focused on Miller'southward descriptions of sexual encounters, which he deemed significant for their "attempt to get at existent facts", and which he saw as a divergence from ascendant trends. Orwell argued that, although Miller concerns himself with uglier aspects of life, he is nonetheless non quite a pessimist, and seems to find that the contemplation of ugliness makes life more worthwhile rather than less.^[34] Concluding, he described Tropic of Cancer as "a remarkable book" and recommended information technology to "anyone who can get hold of a copy"^[35] Returning to the novel in the essay "Inside the Whale" (1940), George Orwell wrote the following:

I earnestly counsel anyone who has not washed so to read at least Tropic of Cancer. With a little ingenuity, or by paying a picayune over the published price, you can become hold of it, and fifty-fifty if parts of information technology disgust you, it will stick in your retentivity. ... Here in my opinion is the only imaginative prose-author of the slightest value who has appeared amidst the English-speaking races for some years past. Fifty-fifty if that is objected to as an overstatement, it will probably be admitted that Miller is a writer out of the ordinary, worth more than than a single glance....^[36]

Samuel Beckett hailed it equally "a momentous event in the history of mod writing".^[37] Norman Mailer, in his 1976 volume on Miller entitled Genius and Lust, called it "ane of the 10 or twenty cracking novels of our century, a revolution in consciousness equal to The Sun Also Rises".^[38]

Edmund Wilson said of the novel:

The tone of the volume is undoubtedly low; The Tropic of Cancer, in fact, from the signal of view both of its happenings and of the language in which they are conveyed, is the lowest book of any real literary merit that I ever recollect to accept read... at that place is a foreign amenity of temper and style which bathes the whole composition fifty-fifty when it is icky or tiresome.^[39]

In Sexual Politics (1970), Kate Millett wrote that Miller "is a compendium of American sexual neuroses", showing "anxiety and contempt" toward women in works such as Tropic of Cancer.^[forty] ^{: 295–296} In 1980, Anatole Broyard described Tropic of Cancer as "Mr. Miller's beginning and all-time novel", showing "a flair for finding symbolism in unobtrusive places" and having "beautiful judgement[southward]".^[41] Julian Symons wrote in 1993 that "the daze effect [of the novel] has gone", although "it remains an extraordinary document".^[42] A 2009 essay on the book past Ewan Morrison described it equally a "life-saver" when he was "wandering from potable to drink and bed to bed, dangerously close to total collapse".^[43]

Appearances in lists of best books [edit]

The book has been included in a number of lists of best books, such every bit the post-obit:

In July 1998, the Lath of the Modern Library ranked Tropic of Cancer 50th on its list of the 100 best English language-language novels of the 20th century.^[44] ^[45]
In July 1998, students of the Radcliffe Publishing Course, at the asking of the Modern Library editorial board, compiled their ain list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century, and the book was ranked 84th.^[46]
Between July 1998 and October 1998, an online reader poll by the Modern Library placed the novel 68th amidst the 100 best English-linguistic communication novels of the 20th century.^[45]
In a survey of librarians published in November 1998, the volume was ranked 132nd in a list of 150 fiction books from the 20th century.^[47]
Fourth dimension magazine included the novel in its list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.^[48]
The novel was listed in the 2006 volume 1001 Books You Must Read Earlier Yous Die.^[49]
It was one of the "1000 Novels Anybody Must Read" in The Guardian in 2009.^[50]
It was included in the list "The 75 Books Every Man Should Read" (2011) in Esquire.^[51]

Influences [edit]

Influences on Miller [edit]

Critics and Miller himself have claimed that Miller was influenced by the post-obit in writing the novel:

Louis-Ferdinand Céline, especially Journeying to the End of the Night (1932), his semi-autobiographical kickoff novel featuring a "comic, antiheroic character".^[v] ^{: 109–110} ^[41] ^[52] Notwithstanding, George Orwell wrote "Both books use unprintable words, both are in some sense autobiographical, just that is all."^[36]
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, especially his Notes from Underground (1864).^[41]
James Joyce.^[41] Nevertheless, Orwell felt that the novel did not resemble Joyce's Ulysses.^[36]
François Rabelais.^[41] ^[53]
Henry David Thoreau.^[54] ^[55]
Walt Whitman, who wrote in a similar style well-nigh common people.^[9] ^[36] ^[41] ^[55] The poet is mentioned favorably in the novel several times, for instance: "In Whitman the whole American scene comes to life, her past and her future, her birth and her death. Whatever in that location is of value in America Whitman has expressed, and in that location is nothing more to be said."^[ten] ^{: 239–240}

Novel's influence on other writers [edit]

Tropic of Cancer "has had a huge and indelible impact on both the American literary tradition and American order as a whole".^[56] The novel influenced many writers, as exemplified by the following:

Lawrence Durrell's 1938 novel The Black Book was described as "celebrat[ing] the Henry Miller of Tropic of Cancer as his [Durrell'south] literary father".^[57]
It has been claimed that the novel impressed the Beat Generation writers in the 1960s such as Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs.^[16] ^[28] ^[58]
Erica Jong wrote "...when I was searching for the freedom to write [the 1973 novel] Fear of Flying, I picked up Tropic of Cancer and the sheer exuberance of the prose unlocked something in me."^[8] ^: xiv In plough, Miller praised Fearfulness of Flying in 1974, comparing it to Tropic of Cancer.^[59]

Adaptation [edit]

The novel was adapted for a 1970 film Tropic of Cancer directed by Joseph Strick, and starring Rip Torn, James T. Callahan, and Ellen Burstyn.^[two] Miller was a "technical consultant" during the product of the picture; although he had reservations about the adaptation of the book, he praised the final picture show.^[2] ^: 147 The film was rated X in the U.s., which was later inverse to an NC-17 rating.^[sixty]

References or allusions in other works [edit]

Literature

In his 1948 autobiography, poet and writer Robert Due west. Service wrote a few comments about Tropic of Cancer, for case, "Of class the book shocked me but I could not deny a strange flicker of genius in its wildest fights."^[61]
In chapter 2 of William Gaddis's 1955 novel The Recognitions, fix in Paris in the 1930s, an artist complains "I've got to show these pictures, I've got to sell some of them, but how can I have people coming up there with him in that location? He's dying. I tin can't put him out on the street, dying like that . . . fifty-fifty in Paris" (63-64), which echoes the scene in Tropic of Cancer where the creative person Kruger tries to get the ill Miller out of his studio then that he can exhibit his pictures. "People tin can't look at pictures and statues with enthusiasm when a man is dying earlier their eyes" (Grove ed., 195).^[62]
In his 1960 short story "Entropy", Thomas Pynchon begins with a quote from this novel.
In the 1965 novel God Anoint You, Mr. Rosewater by Kurt Vonnegut, Lila reads the book "as though... [it] were Heidi".^[63]
In the 1969 novel The 7 Minutes by Irving Wallace, the volume and the trial are mentioned.
In the 1994 play Pterodactyls by Nicky Silver, the novel is mentioned by the character Emma: "She reads poems by Emily Bronté and I read chapters from The Tropic of Cancer past Henry Miller."^[64]
In Carl Hiaasen'south 1995 Stormy Atmospheric condition a graphic symbol quotes a line from the novel.^{[ citation needed ]}
In the 1998 nonfiction book Rocket Boys, Quentin shows Sonny a copy of Tropic of Cancer and asks him "You want to know about girls?"^[65]

Music

Satirical songwriter and mathematics teacher Tom Lehrer stated that he intended to write a million-selling math book which he would phone call Tropic of Calculus.
The 1980s British ring The Weather condition Prophets was named later a line in the opening paragraph of the novel: "Boris has only given me a summary of his views. He is a weather prophet."^{[ citation needed ]}
Frontman Henry Rollins of the hardcore punk ring Blackness Flag was heavily affected by the book as well and oft fabricated references to information technology in his songs, often taking lyrics directly from Tropic of Cancer. He would too read passages of it to his audiences mid-show.
In the song "Delirium of Disorder" by punk band Bad Religion, the opening verse quotes the novel, "Life is a sieve through which my anarchy strains resolving itself into words. Chaos is the score on which reality is written...".
In the vocal "Protest Song 68" past Refused, the opening verse quotes the novel, "To sing you must first open up your oral fissure. You must have a pair of lungs..."
In the vocal "Ashes of American Flags" past Wilco, i phrase from the lyrics is taken from the novel: "A pigsty without a key."
In 2012, the American grindcore band Pig Destroyer used a passage from the book on tape, read by Larry King, every bit the introduction to their vocal The Bug on their album entitled Book Burner.

Film and television receiver

In a 1962 episode of the TV serial Perry Stonemason ("The Case of the Bogus Books"), a character tells another that "Tropic of Cancer is not a medical book. Far from it."
In the 1985 picture show After Hours, the protagonist Paul is reading the volume in a coffee store when a Marcy comments on information technology from the table beyond, setting the events of the film in motion.
In the 1963 film, Take Her, She's Mine, adjusted from Phoebe and Henry Ephron'southward play of the same proper name, Jimmy Stewart, as Mr. Michaelson, reads the (soon to be banned by the mayor) volume written by Henry Miller. Sandra Dee, Stewart's girl in the motion picture, has organized a demonstration style protest against banning the book.
The novel is read and discussed in After Hours, a 1985 film by Martin Scorsese.
In the 1991 version of Cape Fear, also directed past Scorsese, the characters of Max Cady and Danielle Bowden discuss the volume briefly.
In the 1991 Seinfeld episode "The Library", Jerry is accused of never returning a copy of the book to the public library after borrowing it many years before, during loftier school, in 1971. Information technology is revealed that the book was stolen by the gym teacher while a gang of jocks were beating up on George. In the present day, the gym teacher withal holds the library book, despite existence homeless and insane.^[4]
In the 1990 movie Henry & June the first draft of the book is referenced and discussed by Henry and friends.
In the 2000 romantic comedy film 100 Girls, the characters Dora and Matthew read an extract from Tropic of Cancer together: "Your Sylvester! ... Later on me you tin can take on stallions, bulls, rams, drakes, St. Bernards."^[66]
At the beginning of the 2000 movie Final Destination, Clear (Ali Larter) is reading Tropic of Cancer upon inflow at the airport.
In the 2010 telenovela ¿Dónde Está Elisa? a copy of the volume is found in Elisa's locker at school.
In Season 2 of the television series Ozark Jonah reads an explicit excerpt of the book to Buddy.

Typescript [edit]

The typescript of the volume was auctioned for $165,000 in 1986.^[67] Yale University now owns the typescript, which was displayed to the public in 2001.^[68]

See likewise [edit]

Censorship
Henry and June (1986 book)
Henry & June (1990 movie)

References [edit]

^ Motion, Andrew (September 18, 1994). "Volume: The Human being Who Succeeded Besides Well at Sex activity". The Observer.
^ ^a ^b ^c Decker, James M. (Summer 2007). "Literary Text, Cinematic "Edition": Adaptation, Textual Authority, and the Filming of "Tropic of Cancer"". College Literature. 34 (three): 140–160. doi:10.1353/lit.2007.0029.
^ Meisel, Perry (June 23, 1991). "Book Review: A Dirty Swain And How He Grew". The New York Times . Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Baron, Dennis (Oct ane, 2009). "Celebrate Banned Books Week: Read Now, Before It's Too Late". Web of Language. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Miller, Henry (1995). Henry Miller, the Paris Years. New York: Arcade. ISBN1-55970-287-seven.
^ D'Abate, Matthew. Paris: Street by Street. CouCou, Feb. 8, 2018,
^ McCrum, Robert (29 April 2012). "Renegade: Henry Miller and the Making of Tropic of Cancer past Frederick Turner". The Guardian.
^ ^a ^b Jong, Erica (1994). The Devil at Big: Erica Jong on Henry Miller. New York: Grove Press. ISBN0-8021-3391-6.
^ ^a ^b Atkinson, Brooks (June thirty, 1961). "Critic at Big: Henry Miller's Use of an Emerson Quotation in 'Tropic of Cancer' is Discussed". The New York Times. Section food fashions family furnishings, folio 24.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^grand ^h ⁱ ^j ^{one thousand} ⁵⁰ ¹⁰⁰⁰ ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Miller, Henry (1961). Tropic of Cancer. New York: Grove Press. ISBN0-8021-3178-half-dozen. p. one
^ ^a ^b ^c Gutierrez, Donald (Winter 1978). ""Hypocrite Lecteur": Tropic of Cancer as Sexual Comedy". Mosaic. 11 (two): 21–33.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hardin, Michael (2002). "Fighting Desires: Henry Miller's Queer Tropic". Journal of Homosexuality. 42 (3): 129–150. doi:x.1300/J082v42n03_08. PMID 12066987. S2CID 41169915.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jackson, Paul R. (1979). "Caterwauling and Harmony: Music in Tropic of Cancer". Critique. xx (3): 40–l. doi:x.1080/00111619.1979.10690198.
^ O'Joyce, Guillermo (2011). "Miller Time: On Henry Miller". Miller, Bukowski and their enemies (second ed.). London: Pinter & Martin. ISBN978-one-905177-27-1. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
^ Pizer, Donald (1996). American Expatriate Writing and the Paris Moment: Modernism and Place. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Academy Press. p. 133. ISBN0-8071-2026-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c Anonymous (June 9, 1961). "Books: Greatest Living Patagonian". Time. Archived from the original on February four, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ Mitgang, Herbert (April sixteen, 1989). "Frances Steloff is Dead at 101; Founded the Gotham Volume Mart". The New York Times . Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Miller, Henry (1940). Tropic of Cancer. New York: Medusa. OCLC 9798986.
^ Brottman, Mikita (2004). Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the Psychopathology of Humour. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. p. 6. ISBN0-88163-404-ii.
^ "Tropic of Cancer (1934): History of the Ban". Banned Books.
^ ^a ^b Holland, Steve (October 28, 2000). "Charles Rembar: anti-censorship lawyer who won freedom for Lady Chatterley and Fanny Hill in America". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Commonwealth five. Robin, 218 A.2d 546, 561 (Pa. 1966).
^ ^a ^b Woo, Elaine (Oct 28, 2000). "Charles Rembar; Lawyer Won Fundamental Obscenity Cases". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Jordan, Ken (Wintertime 1997). "Barney Rosset, The Fine art of Publishing No. 2". The Paris Review. Wintertime 1997 (145).
^ Attorney General Vs. The Volume Named "Tropic Of Cancer" , 345 Mass. 11 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court July 17, 1962).
^ Grove Press, Inc., 5. Gerstein , 378 U.S. 577 (U.S. Supreme Courtroom June 22, 1964).
^ Hubbard, Melissa A. "Grove Press Publishes & Defends T.O.C." Southern Illinois Academy School of Law Library. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Caldwell, Rebecca (Feb 14, 2004). "In one case Scandalous, An Insult Fades". The Earth and Mail service. Canada. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Travis, Alan (May 4, 1998). "The Miller'due south Tale That Beat out a Ban: Literary Experts Scared". The Guardian.
^ CHIPP, Donald Leslie (1925–2006), senate.gov.au. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ "HY:n helka-palvelun tiedoissa Henry Millerin Kravun kääntöpiirin ensimmäinen suomennos (Saarikoski) olisi ilmestynyt jo 1960, ja Karl Shapiron introlla…" [In the information of the University of Helsinki'southward Helka service, the beginning Finnish translation of Henry Miller's Kravu turning circle (Saarikoski) would have appeared already in 1960, and with Karl Shapiro'due south intro…]. www2.kirjastot.fi (in Finnish). xi October 2012.
^ Mencken, H. L. (1977). Bode, Carl (ed.). New Mencken Letters. New York: Punch Press. pp. 372–373. ISBN0-8037-1379-7.
^ Orwell, George (1968) [1935]. "Review". In Orwell, Sonia; Angus, Ian (eds.). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume ane: An Age Like This 1920–1940. Penguin. pp. 178–180.
^ Orwell 1968, pp. 179–80.
^ Orwell 1968, p. 180.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Orwell, George. "Inside the Whale (1940)" (PDF). Inside The Whale and Other Essays. Distributed Proofreaders Canada. Retrieved 30 Jan 2021.
^ Cited in: Henry Miller, Tropic of Cancer, (Harper Perennial, UK, 2005)
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